Strong software engineering fundamentals (clean code, testing, APIs, system design)
Cloud infrastructure basics (networking, storage, compute, IAM/access control)
Containers and orchestration (Docker, Kubernetes)
Automation and release practices (CI/CD, infrastructure as code)
Data and pipeline engineering concepts (batch vs. streaming, reliability, data quality checks)
ML lifecycle understanding (training, evaluation, feature creation, model versions, reproducibility)
Observability (metrics, logs, tracing), plus model monitoring (drift, performance)
Security and compliance basics (secrets management, least privilege, auditability)
Cost and performance optimization (autoscaling, GPU utilization, caching)
Cross-functional collaboration and stakeholder communication